Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

CBSE Class 12 Biology PYQ Analysis (2021–2025)

Chapter Overview & Weightage

Most Important & Repeated Questions (2021–2025)

  • Repeated 5–6 times: Explain exponential and logistic growth models with graphs. (5 marks)
  • Repeated 4–5 times: Describe adaptations of organisms in desert & aquatic environments. (5 marks)
  • Repeated 4 times: What are population attributes? Explain natality, mortality, immigration & emigration. (3 marks)
  • Repeated 3–4 times: Explain population interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism with examples. (5 marks)
  • Repeated 3 times: Describe adaptations of high altitude plants & animals (e.g., reduced RBC size in humans). (3 marks)
  • Repeated 3 times: What is life history variation? Explain r & K selection strategies. (3 marks)
  • Repeated 2–3 times: Explain age pyramids & their significance in population studies. (3 marks)
  • Assertion-Reason (2023–2025): Assertion: Logistic growth shows S-shaped curve. Reason: It is limited by carrying capacity. (Both true, reason explains – repeated 2x)

Important Keywords & Concepts to Memorize

  • Organism adaptations (desert – CAM photosynthesis, kangaroo rat; aquatic – air bladders; high altitude – increased RBC, large lungs), population attributes (density, natality, mortality, immigration, emigration), population growth (exponential, logistic, J-shaped, S-shaped), carrying capacity, age pyramids (expanding, stable, declining), life history variation (r-selection vs K-selection), population interactions (predation – prey defense; competition – Gause's principle; parasitism – endoparasite/ectoparasite; commensalism; mutualism – lichens, mycorrhiza), amensalism, allelopathy.

Exam Strategy for Chapter 13 (2026 Boards)

This is Chapter 13 complete PYQ analysis.
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